Psychobiological perspective from Neurosciences on Gender Dysphoria and Transsexualism

¹Psychobiology Department, Spanish University, Madrid, 28019, Spain

²Psychobiology Department, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands

*Corresponding author: Alicia Garcia-Falgueras, Psychobiology Department, Spanish University, Madrid-28019, Spain & Psychobiology Department, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Tel: +34 91 398 62 88 & +31 20 566 5500; Email: [email protected]

Received Date: April 30, 2026

Published Date: May 25, 2026

Citation: Garcia-Falgueras, Alicia. (2026). Psychobiological perspective from Neurosciences on Gender Dysphoria and Transsexualism. Mathews J Psychiatry Ment Health. 11(2):63.

Copyrights: Garcia-Falgueras, Alicia. (2026).

ABSTRACT

The relationship between gender identity and brain structure is the subject of ongoing and widespread debate in scientific publications from numerous countries around the world interested in this topic. It seems undeniable that an intrinsic relationship exists between gender identity and brain structures, as gender identity is established prenatally, influenced by genetic and hormonal factors. Transsexualism, a severe form of gender dysphoria, manifests as an insistence lasting at least 6 months on belonging to the counterpart gender to that assigned at birth, often entailing painful surgeries and costly, lifelong treatments to reach the suitable likeness. While progress is being made in understanding and addressing this clinical condition, it is crucial to emphasize the need for better understanding, a comprehensive and compassionate care for transgender individuals amidst social confusion and discrimination, stressing that gender identity is primarily a biological phenomenon purely happening inside human brains in typical human surroundings and not a merely social construct formed by rewards or punishments. This review summarizes many years of scientific research, a deep understanding of the problem and a thorough reading of much relevant and non-relevant literature on the topic. This has allowed us to refine and clarify this short and summarized manuscript, ultimately focusing on the neuroanatomical microscopic studies on post mortem tissues of transgender donors, providing the academic and rigorous approach they deserve, but also seeking a teaching and guidance perspective for medical and/or psychology students.

Keywords: Gender Dysphoria, Gender Identity, Brain, Hypothalamus, Transsexualism