Heifers: A Replacement Stock in Dairy Farms

Assistant Professor, Veterinary Clinical Complex, SKUAST-Kashmir, India

*Corresponding author: Dr. Ghulam Rasool Bhat, Assistant Professor, Veterinary Clinical Complex, FVSc & AH, SKUAST-Kashmir, India, Phone: 9419416052, E-mail: [email protected]

Received Date: January 30, 2026

Published Date: April 03, 2026

Citation: Bhat GR. (2026). Heifers: A Replacement Stock in Dairy Farms. Mathews J Vet Sci. 10(2):107.

Copyrights: Bhat GR. © (2026).

ABSTRACT

Replacement heifers play a crucial role in determining the productivity, profitability, and genetic progress of dairy herds. Optimal management aims for first calving at 22–24 months, which requires timely attainment of puberty, adequate nutrition, and proper reproductive management. Hormonal regulation involving leptin, kisspeptin, and gonadotropins governs the onset of puberty and estrous cyclicity. Body weight, rather than age alone, is a key determinant for breeding readiness, with heifers ideally bred at 55–60% of mature weight. Efficient heifer management integrates balanced nutrition, accurate estrus detection, timely breeding (preferably using artificial insemination), and proper post-breeding care. However, challenges such as delayed puberty, poor heat detection, low conception rates, dystocia, and resource limitations can hinder performance. Technological interventions like estrus synchronization and government initiatives such as the Holistic Agriculture Development Program (HADP) and Satellite Heifer Rearing Units in Jammu and Kashmir offer promising solutions. Overall, well-managed replacement heifer systems enhance herd sustainability, improve genetic quality, and support economic growth in the dairy sector.

Keywords: Heifers, Dairy Farm, Cow.