Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors: Deciphering Pharmacological Mechanisms, Therapeutic Avenues, and Clinical Implications

¹Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan

²MSc in International Health Management, Berlin School of Business and Innovation, Berlin, Germany

³Department of Molecular biology and biotechnology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan

*Corresponding author: Noor Zulfiqar, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan, Phone: +923178354635, E-mails: [email protected]; [email protected]

Received Date: December 23, 2025

Published Date: January 31, 2026

Citation: Zulfiqar N, et al. (2025). Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors: Deciphering Pharmacological Mechanisms, Therapeutic Avenues, and Clinical Implications. Mathews J Pharma Sci. 10(1):58.

Copyrights: Zulfiqar N, et al. © (2026).

ABSTRACT

Carbonic anhydrase (CA) inhibitors hold significant promise across diverse therapeutic domains owing to their multifaceted mechanism of action. This paper delves into their therapeutic applications, highlighting their potential in cystic fibrosis by normalizing bicarbonate transport, in cancer treatment by disrupting pH balance in tumor cells, and in managing renal tubular acidosis by promoting renal bicarbonate excretion. Additionally, CA inhibitors show promise in respiratory disorders, gastrointestinal disorders, cerebral edema, migraine prophylaxis, and dry eye syndrome. Mechanistically, these inhibitors interfere with the activity of CA enzymes through reversible and irreversible inhibition, modulating pH regulation and catalytic reactions. Sulfonamide inhibitors, a subclass of reversible inhibitors, particularly target the active site of CA, showing selectivity and versatility in medical applications. Ongoing research continues to explore their potential in neurological disorders, cancer, and bacterial infections. Overall, CA inhibitors present a rich landscape for therapeutic innovation, with ongoing investigations unraveling new insights into their mechanisms and applications.

Keywords: Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors, Therapeutic Applications, Mechanism of Action, Reversible Inhibition, Irreversible Inhibition, Sulfonamide Inhibitors.