The Role of TP53 Gene Mutations in the Pathogenesis of Breast Cancer

¹Parepare School of Nursing, Makassar Health Polytechnic, Ministry of Health Indonesian Republic, South Sulawesi, Indonesia

²Makassar School Midwifery, Makassar Health Polytechnic, Ministry of Health Indonesian Republic, South Sulawesi, Indonesia

³Makassar School of Nursing, Makassar Health Polytechnic, Ministry of Health Indonesian Republic, South Sulawesi, Indonesia

*Corresponding author: Dr. Agussalim, MSN, DNS, Parepare School of Nursing, Makassar Health Polytechnic, Ministry of Health Indonesian Republic, South Sulawesi, Indonesia, Email: [email protected]

Received Date: June 25, 2025

Published Date: October 31, 2025

Citation: Agussalim, et al. (2025). The Role of TP53 Gene Mutations in the Pathogenesis of Breast Cancer. Mathews J Cytol Histol. 9(2):33.

Copyrights: Agussalim, et al. © (2025).

ABSTRACT

TP53 is a pivotal tumor suppressor gene that maintains genomic integrity by regulating DNA repair, cell cycle arrest, senescence, and apoptosis. It encodes the p53 protein, often dubbed the "guardian of the genome." TP53 mutations are among the most common genetic alterations in human cancers, particularly in aggressive breast cancer subtypes such as triple-negative and HER2-positive tumors. These mutations frequently lead to loss of tumor-suppressive functions or gain of oncogenic properties, promoting tumor progression, metastasis, and therapy resistance. This narrative review explores the molecular mechanisms by which TP53 mutations drive breast cancer pathogenesis and therapeutic failure. It emphasizes the functional consequences of distinct mutation types, their correlation with tumor behavior, and their relevance as prognostic indicators. By synthesizing recent findings, this review underscores the potential of TP53 mutations as predictive biomarkers and therapeutic targets in advancing personalized breast cancer treatment.

Keywords: TP53, Breast Cancer, Tumor Suppressor, Gene Mutation, Pathogenesis, Genomic Instability.