Eating Habits and Sedentary Behavior Related to Obesity in Inter-Urban Carriers Cooperatives

¹Bachelor of Science in Nursing, Professor at the National Autonomous University of Nicaragua-León, Professor and Researcher in Health Sciences at UNAN-León, Nicaragua

²Graduates in Nursing Sciences, Nurse Researchers in Health Areas, Nicaragua

*Corresponding author: Espinoza Palma Pablo Jerson, Nurse Educator, Bachelor of Science in Nursing, Professor at the National Autonomous University of Nicaragua-León, Professor and Researcher in Health Sciences at UNAN-León, Nicaragua, Phone: 83654668, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6751-1689, Email: [email protected]

Received Date: June 27, 2025

Published Date: November 04, 2025

Citation: Jerson EPP, et al. (2025). Eating Habits and Sedentary Behavior Related to Obesity in Inter-Urban Carriers Cooperatives. Mathews J Nurs. 7(3):63.

Copyrights: Jerson EPP, et al. © (2025).

ABSTRACT

This is a case-control analytical study with a population of 180 intercity transport drivers, a sample of 180 participants equivalent to the universe, determined on a 1:1 basis. The sample was selected using a non-probability convenience sampling procedure, using a questionnaire with dichotomous and Likert-scale questions. The prevalence age was 38 years, 51% were married, 61% had secondary education, and 82% lived in an urban area. Regarding dietary habits, fat consumption was a protective factor with an OR of 0.651, p-value >0.424, high-carbohydrate foods with an OR of 0.390, p-value >0.006, and the frequency of energy drink consumption was a risk factor of 1.2 times the probability of developing the problem without any association between variables. The most relevant sedentary behaviors in terms of physical activity were OR: 0.952, p-value >0.025, acting as a protective factor, with walking being a protective factor. OR: 0.957, p-value >0.022. Staying active for more than 4 hours acted as a risk factor, 1.366 times more likely to develop obesity. P-value >1.090, with no association between variables. In conclusion, it is essential to carry out activities that promote healthy eating habits and physical activity, as well as exercise and physical activity, given the level of sedentary lifestyle they present. Thus, obesity can be avoided by providing modifiable guidelines and strategies for optimal food consumption.

Keywords: Eating Habits, Sedentary Behavior, Obesity, Transporters.

The study, Eating Habits and Sedentary Behavior Related to Obesity in Intercity Transport Drivers, included a sample of 180 transport drivers, 90 of whom were cases and 90 of whom were controls. The results were as follows:

Regarding sociodemographic data: the mean age was 35 and the mode was 38. Marital status was 49% single and 51% married; 82% were from urban areas and 18% from rural areas; and, according to academic level, 1% were illiterate; 17% completed primary school, 61% completed secondary school, 20% completed university studies, and 2% completed higher education (Table 1).

Table 1. Sociodemographic data of intercity transporters

Eating habits associated with obesity in transporters

Table 2 In relation to the consumption of high-fat foods and obesity, it was found that 84 of the cases did consume fatty foods, with a result of X²: 0.424, an OR of 0.651 and its lower natural limits of 0.177 and upper of 2.390 (Table 2).

Regarding the frequency of consumption of high-fat foods, 12 cases were found to be eating poorly, with a result of X²:1.910, an OR of 0.575 and its lower natural limits of 0.261 and upper natural limits of 1.268 (Table 3).

Table 3. Relationship between the frequency of consumption of high-fat foods and obesity in intercity transporters

In relation to the consumption of foods high in carbohydrates and obesity, it was found that 90 of the cases do consume foods high in carbohydrates, with a result of X²: 1.006, an OR of 0.497 and its lower natural limits of 0.429 and upper of 0.576 (Table 4).

Table 4. Relationship between consuming foods high in carbohydrates and obesity in intercity transporters

Table 5. Relationship between the frequency of consumption of foods with high carbohydrate content and obesity in transporters

In relation to water consumption during the working day and obesity, 88 cases were found that did drink water, with a result of X²: 0.690, an OR of 2.047 and its lower natural limits of 0.365 and upper of 11.465 (Table 5).

Table 6. Relationship between drinking water during the working day and obesity in intercity transporters

In the relationship with the frequency of drinking water during the working day and obesity, 8 cases were found that do not drink water frequently, with a result of X²: 0.746, an OR of 1.659 and its lower natural limits 0.521 and upper 5.729 (Table 6).

Table 6. Relationship between the frequency of drinking water during the working day and obesity in intercity transporters

In the relationship between eating three meals a day and obesity, 80 cases were found that, if they consume food three times a day, with a result of X²: 0.585, an OR of 0.675 and its lower natural limits 0.245 and upper 1.859 (Table 7).

Table 7. Relationship between eating three meals a day and obesity in intercity transporters

In relation to the consumption of two snacks a day and obesity, it was found that 45 cases did consume snacks twice a day, with a result of X²: 8.396, an OR of 0.406 and its lower natural limits of 0.220 and upper of 0.752 (Table 8).

Table 8. Relationship between snacking twice a day and obesity in intercity transporters

In relation to the consumption of energy drinks and obesity, it was found that 58 cases did consume energy drinks, with a result of X²: 4.536, an OR of 1.734 and its natural lower limits of 0.954 and upper limits of 3.151 (Table 9).

Table 9. Relationship between energy drink consumption and obesity in intercity transporters

In relation to the frequency of taking energy drinks and obesity, it was found that 38 of the cases frequently consume energy drinks, with a result of X²: 0.370, an OR 1.204 and its lower natural limits 0.662 and upper 2.187 (Table 10).

Table 10. Relationship between the frequency of taking energy drinks and obesity in intercity transporters

In relation to the type of energy drinks and obesity, it was found that 28 of the cases consume these drinks that are inadequate, with a result of X²: 1.951, an OR of 0.647 and its lower natural limits 0.351 and upper 1.194 (Table 11).

Table 11. Relationship between the type of energy drink and obesity in intercity transporters

Relationship between consuming food outside their home and obesity, it was found that 70 of the cases consume food outside their home, with a result of X²: 4,000, an OR of 0.438 and its lower natural limits of 0.192 and upper of 0.997 (Table 12).

Table 12. Relationship between eating outside the home and obesity in intercity transporters

In relation to the frequency of consuming food outside the home and obesity, it was found that 55 of the cases frequently consumed food outside the home, with a result of X²: 0.214, an OR of 0.867 and its lower natural limits of 0.474 and upper limits of 1.587 (Table 13).

Table 13. Relationship between the frequency of food consumption outside the home and obesity in intercity transporters

Sedentary behaviors associated with obesity in transporters

In relation to whether you remain seated for more than 4 hours during your workday and obesity, it was found that 50 of the cases remain seated for more than 4 hours, with a result of X²: 1.090, an OR of 1.366 and its lower natural limits of 0.760 and upper of 2.456 (Table 14).

Table 14. Relationship between remaining seated for more than 4 hours during the workday and obesity in intercity transporters

Relationship between physical activities and obesity, it was found that 59 of the cases did perform some physical activity, with a result of X²: 0.025, an OR of 0.952 and its lower natural limits of 0.513 and upper limits of 1.764 (Table 15).

Table 15. Relationship between physical activity and obesity in intercity transporters

In relation to the type of physical activity and obesity, it was found that 43 of the cases perform physical activity, but in an inadequate manner, with a result of X²: 0.356, an OR of 0.837 and its lower natural limits of 0.466 and upper limits of 1.502 (Table 16).

Table 16. Relationship between type of physical activity and obesity in intercity transporters

Relationship between walking +30 minutes daily and obesity, it was found that 45 of the cases walk less than -30 minutes daily, with a result of X²: 0.022, an OR of 0.957 and its lower natural limits of 0.533 and upper of 1.716 (Table 17).

Table 17. Relationship between daily walks and obesity in intercity transporters

In relation to the activities they carry out in their free time during the working day and obesity, it was found that 43 carry out inappropriate activities, with a result of X²: 0.200, an OR of 0.875 and its lower natural limits of 0.488 and upper limits of 1.570 (Table 18).

Table 18. Relationship between activities carried out in their free time during their working day and obesity in intercity transporters

Relationship with the means of transport in which they move and obesity it was found that 66 of the cases are moved in an inadequate means of transport, with a result of X²: 1.659, an OR 1.517 and its natural limits lower 0.803 and upper 2.866 (Table 19).

Table 19. Means of transport in which they move and obesity in intercity transporters

Relationship with the way of exercising and obesity it was found that 16 of the cases consider that the way they exercise is adequate, with a result of X²: 7.273, an OR of 0.392 and its lower natural limits of 0.196 and upper of 0.783 (Table 20).

Table 20. Relationship between the way of exercising and obesity in intercity transporters

DISCUSSION

Regarding the sociodemographic data of the population studied, it was observed that obesity in transporters is more common in the 32 to 38 age range, with a mode of 38 years; in marital status, married transporters predominate, those from urban backgrounds, and those with secondary education predominate in academic level [11-19].

When measuring the causal relationship between eating habits and sedentary behavior related to obesity in transporters, it was found that there is a perfect association of variables, it is a risk factor that increases the probability of getting sick up to 1,081 times and it is a variable that has statistical significance, this affirms Hinojosa Andia, Lucy J and Berrocal Kasay (2020) evidence that the incidence is increasing due to environmental and genetic factors, this is the cause of excessive consumption of nutrients and sedentary lifestyle, this being the main cause of the rapid acceleration of obesity in society [20].

• Eating Habits Related to Obesity

When measuring the causal relationship between the consumption of foods with high fat content and obesity, an association of variables was found. It is a protective factor that reduces the probability of getting sick by 0.651 times, a statistically significant fact, which contradicts what Valeria proposed. Carrasco (2020) in which he states that bad eating habits begin with simple aspects, this includes an excessive intake of fat, due to long working hours and this is why they are forced to consume food in quantity rather than quality, and this being the poor choice of food at the time of consumption [21-30].

Regarding the causal relationship between the frequency of consuming foods with high fat content and obesity, it was found that there is no association of variables, it is a protective factor that decreases up to 0.575 times the probability of getting sick and is a value that has statistical significance, which is why it contradicts José Ramos (2017) in which he states that choosing healthy fats of vegetable origin more frequently instead of less healthy fats of animal origin will help reduce the risk of suffering a heart attack, stroke and other major health problems [28-39].

When measuring the causal relationship between the consumption of foods with high carbohydrate content and obesity, it was found that there is no association of variables, it is a protective factor that reduces the probability of getting sick up to 0.497 times and is a value that has statistical significance, which is why it contradicts Marta Esperanza Fonseca (2014) shows that the amount of nutrients required by humans is already established, but that each person's activity and lifestyle require careful selection of what food to obtain, and in what quantity and time. This is especially important for public transport drivers, who tend to sit in their cars for an average of 16 hours.

Regarding the causal relationship between the frequency of consuming foods high in carbohydrates and obesity, it was found that there is no association between variables. It is a risk factor that reduces the probability of getting sick up to 0.390 times and is a value that has statistical significance, which is why it contradicts Carlos José Martínez (2017), who recommends that the best foods with carbohydrate content are those that are of natural origin and that are ingested in a balanced way [40].

When measuring the causal relationship between drinking water during the work day and obesity, it was found that there is no association between the variables. It is a risk factor that increases the probability of getting sick by 2,047 times and is a value that does not have statistical significance, which contradicts Valeria. Carrasco (2020) In which he states that water is the element that can best help a driver's physical condition, so that he can maintain his reaction capacity, attention and concentration.

Regarding the causal relationship between the frequency of drinking water during the workday and obesity, it was found that there is no association between the variables. It is a risk factor that increases the probability of getting sick up to 1,659 times and is a value that does not have statistical significance, which is why it contradicts Manolo Francisco Gonzales (2016) in which he expresses that the amount of water consumed by intercity transporters is little or none, deteriorating the quality of work during the day, which is why they recommend always carrying a bottle of natural water in the vehicle for proper hydration and durability during the workday [32].

When measuring the causal relationship between the three daily meal times and obesity, it was found that there is no association, it is a protective factor that decreases the probability of getting sick up to 0.675 times and being a value that does not have statistical significance, which is why it contradicts Manolo Francisco Gonzales (2016) in which he states that three meals a day should be made, breakfast time, this has to be very complete. Thus, it has to include four different food groups: dairy products, cereals, fruits or vegetables and supplements (oils and fats, meats and derivatives, sweets, etc.) [32].

When measuring the causal relationship between the two snacks a day and obesity, it was found that there is no association of variables, it is a protective factor that reduces the probability of getting sick up to 0.406 times and being a value that does not have statistical significance, which is why it contradicts Bryan Adrián Charro Bosmediano (2020) in which he shows that to have a snack there should be established schedules for intake, taking into account the proportion of these, and the nutrients they provide, these should be consumed two hours before lunchtime and two hours before dinner [31].

When measuring the causal relationship between the consumption of energy drinks and obesity, it was found that there is no association of variables, it is a risk factor that increases the probability of getting sick up to 1,734 times and being a value that does not have statistical significance, which is why it contradicts Manolo Francisco Gonzales (2016) shows that intercity transporters consume small quantities of water, they prefer to drink energy or sugary drinks that make their system active all day, but at the same time slowly deteriorate the body [32].

Regarding the causal relationship between the frequency of consuming energy drinks and obesity, it was found that there is an association of the variable, which is a risk factor that increases the probability of getting sick up to 1,204 times and is a value that does not have statistical significance, which is why it contradicts Manolo Francisco Gonzales (2016) who states that the frequent consumption of drinks with high sugar content or energy drinks with non-natural content increases the probability of cardiac arrest and liver deterioration when consumed very frequently [32].

When measuring the causal relationship between the types of energy drinks and obesity, it was found that there is no association of variables, which is a protective factor that decreases the probability of getting sick up to 0.647 times and is a value that does not have statistical significance, which contradicts Manolo Francisco Gonzales (2016) who states that there are unhealthy and healthy types of energy drinks, with bottled drinks being the ones that cause the most damage to the body [32].

When measuring the causal relationship between eating outside the home and obesity, it was found that there is no association between the variables, which is a protective factor that reduces the probability of getting sick up to 0.438 times and is a value that has statistical significance, which contradicts Juan Manolo Gonzales (2018) It shows that there are several factors that influence drivers to eat outside the home, among the most important being long work days, which makes it difficult to go home to eat; this person consumes high-calorie foods and junk food in general, taking into account that it is more convenient for drivers to opt for this type of food outside the home.

Regarding the relationship between the frequency of eating outside the home and obesity, it was found that there is an association of variables, which is a protective factor that decreases the probability of getting sick up to 0.867 times, being a value that does not have statistical significance, which contradicts Juan Manolo Gonzales (2018) expresses that he does not frequently consume food outside his home, due to the excessive amount of calories and poor hygiene in fast food restaurants [34].

• Sedentary behaviors associated with obesity in transporters

When measuring the causal relationship between remaining seated for more than 4 hours and obesity, it was found that there is no association between variables, which is a risk factor that increases the probability of getting sick up to 1,366 times and is a value that does not have statistical significance, which contradicts José Carlos Fonseca (2020) who says that Behaviors that involve sitting or lying down (but not standing) for more than four hours per day and occur in the workplace (paid or unpaid), travel, and leisure time. Time spent engaging in these behaviors is considered sedentary time [36].

When measuring the causal relationship between physical activities and obesity, it was found that there is an association of the variable, which is a protective factor that reduces the probability of getting sick up to 0.952 times and is a value that does not have statistical significance, which contradicts José Carlos Fonseca (2020) who says that physical activity has proven to be effective in the primary and secondary prevention of numerous chronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, certain types of cancer, hypertension, obesity, depression and osteoporosis [36].

Regarding the relationship between the type of physical activity and obesity, it was found that there is an association of the variable, which is a protective factor that reduces the probability of getting sick up to 0.837 times and is a value that does not have statistical significance, which contradicts José Carlos Fonseca (2020) says that regular and frequent physical exercise stimulates the immune system, helping to prevent coronary heart disease, cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and obesity. It also improves mental health, helps prevent depression, develops and maintains self-esteem, and even increases libido and improves body image [36].

When measuring the relationship between walking +30 minutes daily and obesity, it was found that there is an association of variables, which is a protective factor that reduces the probability of getting sick up to 0.957 times and is a value that does not have statistical significance, which contradicts Miguel Pareja López (2020) who recommends walking 30 minutes a day, as this benefits your activity level and gives you a break of about 300 calories. It also helps prevent brain shrinkage, preserves memory, and reduces the risk of senile dementia by up to 40%.

Regarding the causal relationship between the activities you perform during the work day and obesity, it was found that there is an association of variables, which is a protective factor that reduces the probability of getting sick up to 0.875 times and is a value that does not have statistical significance, which is why it contradicts Fanny Zeledón (2013). It is a set of occupations to which the individual can engage completely voluntarily after being released from his obligations; the transporter uses this free time to eat, sleep, listen to music, clean the transport unit, and chat with his coworkers.

When measuring the causal relationship between the means of transport used and obesity, it was found that there is no association between the variables, which is a risk factor that increases the probability of getting sick up to 1,517 times and being a value that does not have statistical significance, which is why it contradicts Fanny Zeledón (2013) who says that the best means of transport that exists is walking, she recommends doing it every day for 30 minutes to improve circulation, avoid chronic diseases and obesity [38].

When measuring the causal relationship between the way in which transporters exercise and obesity, it was found that there is no association between the variables, which is a protective factor that decreases the probability of getting sick up to 0.392 times and is a value that has statistical significance, which is why it contradicts Carlos Antonio Flowers (2017) Who says that when starting a physical exercise activity you should be aware of your own physical limitations and choose a sport that does not overburden your body [40-42].

CONCLUSION

1. Sociodemographic data

The study, carried out with a sample of 180 transporters, of which 90 transporters were cases and 90 transporters were controls, within these the mode for age is 38 and the mean 35, the most prevalent sex is male, they are married, the schooling of the transporters is secondary and the majority of these are from urban origin in the city of León.

2. In relation to the variable Eating habits related to obesity, it was obtained that:

a) An association was found between the consumption of high-fat foods and obesity, a protective factor that reduces the likelihood of illness by 0.651 times. High-fat foods are less edible for drivers, making them less likely to develop the disease.

b) Regarding the consumption of foods high in carbohydrates and obesity, it was found that this risk factor reduces the likelihood of becoming ill by up to 0.390 times, and that carriers who consume foods high in carbohydrates promote weight gain.

c) On the other hand, the consumption of energy drinks is a risk factor that increases the likelihood of getting sick by up to 1,204 times, which puts drivers who consume these drinks at greater risk of obesity.

3. In relation to the variable Sedentary behaviors related to obesity, it was obtained that:

a) Regarding the relationship between physical activity and obesity, an association was found between variables where the possibility of contracting the disease is up to 0.955 times.

b) In relation to daily walks and obesity, an association was found between variables where the possibility of developing the disease is up to 0.957 times.

c) Sitting for more than four hours a day and obesity were found to be risk factors that increase the likelihood of getting sick by up to 1,366 times. Prolonged sitting and limited physical activity increase the risk of developing obesity.

d) Regarding transportation mode and obesity, it was found that it is a risk factor that increases the likelihood of getting sick up to 1,517 times, since these people travel in their own vehicles, which causes them to walk less and engage in little physical activity, resulting in detrimental effects on their health.

In conclusion, we can say that our study population exhibits some risk behaviors related to obesity, considering that these individuals exhibit eating habits and sedentary behaviors that can affect their health and the quality of life of the transporters.

RECOMMENDATIONS

Addressed to the authorities of intercity transport cooperatives:

• Conduct training on the importance of proper eating habits and exercise.
• Organize an event to promote health and provide medical checkups to transporters.
• Provide information in pamphlets about appropriate physical activities that can be performed during the workday.

To carriers:

• Engage in recreational activities that encourage physical activity, such as walking.
• Dedicate time to preparing your meals at home, emphasizing the consumption of fruits and vegetables, and reducing the consumption of foods high in calories and carbohydrates.
• Encourage people to drink water throughout the workday and thus eliminate energy drink consumption.

To future researchers:

It is recommended to continue research on eating habits and sedentary behavior in transporters, delving deeper into the topic.

Properly and efficiently manage the data provided by this research for further investigation, as it is the first to be conducted based on eating habits and sedentary behavior in Western transporters.

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