Independent Researcher, Croatia

*Corresponding author: Sinisa Franjic, Independent Researcher, Croatia; Email: [email protected]

Received Date: March 09, 2023

Published Date: May 17, 2023

Citation: Franjić S. (2023). A Few Words about Sperm Donation. Mathews J Nurs. 5(2):15.

Copyrights: Franjić S. © (2023).

ABSTRACT

A sperm donor is a man who donates his sperm to help single mothers, LGBT couples and heterosexual couples experiencing infertility achieve their dream of having a child. In order to donate, a sperm donor must undergo a thorough screening process to ensure that he is physically and mentally healthy and to reduce the risk of passing any disease to children. The aim of this paper is to help couples who cannot become parents due to certain biological and medical problems. This procedure can also help members of the LGBT community to become parents. Sperm donation is not an uncommon procedure.

Keywords: Sperm, Sperm Donations, Infertility, DI, Sperm Bank.

INTRODUCTION

Infertility is the inability in accordance with achieves conception afterwards at least 1 year of normal relation along unprotected intercourse [1]. Infertility currently affects 8–12% of couples, globally, within the reproductive ages. Of these couples, about 20–30% of these instances are fully due in imitation of person infertility, whilst 20–30% is appropriate after both generation then female cases. The inability in conformity with conceives a baby naturally can bear dangerous consequences for the soul partner, along certain over the biggest elements life never having children. The charge about scientific treatments then arrival do redact having children, because incomplete men, impossible. Beside the inability in conformity with conceive, infertility additionally has community health consequences, together with conventional stigma, pecuniary constraints, and psychological challenges because of men.

Tending to era infertility is basic for various reasons. To begin with, diminishing the social bad habit so men involvement would empower more men, at that point theirs accomplices, in agreement with conversation approximately theirs challenges, feelings, and fears with a few each other and mental health then health care experts. Over the past different a long time, clinical and mental health analysts bear commenced giving knowledge among the causes, medicines, at that point challenges related along male infertility. Teaching couples regarding these variables over infertility do impetus concurring to an amplify into mental health. Moment, creating a conversation or giving insights in similarity with couples related to individual infertility perform constrain individual lose hope at that point martial challenges. At last, profound men oft work no longer look for outside cures and realities with respect to infertility. Transparently tending to remedy choices perform make couples, specifically males, feel more prominent “in control” almost their solid choices.

INFERTILITY

There are many causes and chance elements related along descent infertility, together with congenital, acquired, or idiopathic factors [1]. Congenital factors may additionally include anorchia, congenital default on vas deferens, then congenital obstruction. Acquired elements contributing to infertility may also encompass sexual dysfunction, testicular trauma, testicular torsion, and exogenous factors, such as chemotherapy and medications. Idiopathic hazard elements include smoking, alcohol, leisure prescript use, superior paternal age, obesity, and stress.

Among couples experiencing IVF (in vitro fertilization) treatment, females gifted higher stages of anxiousness states at that point anxiety characteristics as well as misery in differentiate in similarity with individual companions [2]. This watched start distinction may also lie due after the women’s higher real association within the IVF prepare, as pleasantly as practical hormonal comes about concerning the CNS (central on edge framework) almost the cure itself. Levels concerning uneasiness at that point discouragement as it were begin to upward push radically compared after standardizing information as before long as rehashed IVF methods are unsuccessful, in all probability to be specific a result of an beginning positive contend and improbable over the top want on the jeopardies over gift from heaven next to IVF treatment.

In spite of the fact that levels around medical despair inside the soul bounty influenced individual populace are no special from the conventional populace, purge remedy do driving agreeing to poorer long-term mental health of it masses compared in imitation of men whichever boss in imitation of conclusion up fathers, highlighting an express lamenting way on lost parenthood.

Men select to get hold of information and emotional assistance from the infertility clinician rather than from buddies and mental health experts and guide groups. Hence infertility clinicians within the advance explore themselves somebody psychological and warm wants about descent sufferers namely portion on theirs flood treatment, as a substitute than put in this in conformity with other colleagues. The only neglect appears in accordance with stand the necessity because of greater structured aid so properly namely extra casual sharing over experiences within guide businesses because these men whosoever require donor sperm, after address issues such as much anonymity.

Gender roles appear according to have an impact on the way between who female including endometriosis and their companions alter in imitation of living along endometriosis. The function of men as much partners concerning female including endometriosis (a recognised motive on subfertility, pelvic discipline and dyspareunia) has been studied. In line with imperious masculine norms, men tend after absorb monitoring now not only then those supply guide in conformity with women beyond a remedy system factor concerning try (attending clinic, assisting along decisions, greatness afterwards surgery) however additionally practically, by way of managing everyday tasks at home, or contributing financially postulate companions want to bust time aloof work. Finally they supply warm help because these women including endometriosis who, drawing about traditional female norms, feel bad then defective about their fertility, then the need about sexual intimacy or theirs lack of ability in conformity with function family tasks.

Taking these roles may additionally enhance typical masculine identities, along feasible lines regarding theirs relationship, as like that might also sense frustrated, isolated and helpless. Consultations have to lie blanket regarding the effect of endometriosis about exorcism over life regarding women, as properly so about theirs companions or theirs relationship. Referral ought to stay considered in imitation of expert functions (pain clinics, psychosexual counselling) including manifest signposting of female yet couples in conformity with splendid assist features then organizations.

The setting over infertility is repeatedly described as the incapability over an associate in imitation of bear afterwards certain 12 months about regular, unprotected sexual affinity [3]. Male component infertility is existing within about 50 percentages of the instances and is the primary purpose over the infertility within 30 percentages of the cases. Male factor infertility is able lie fit in accordance with a variety on motives certain as trauma, disease, corporal and genetic abnormalities and dense more. However, idiopathic soul infertility includes 30–40 percentages on all cases.

Standard semen analysis (SA) is considered a vital diagnostic tool in the workup regarding the man fertility status. This critical take a look at evaluates multiple semen parameters such so concentration, motility, morphology, volume or pH. The consequences concerning the SA are afterwards in contrast together with mention degrees dictated by using the World Health Organization’s (WHO) Laboratory Manual because the experiment and technology on human semen. If the effects over a SA find parameters in accordance with remain beneath the WHO ninety fifth percentile allusion range, the possibility on being pregnant through intercourse will become much less probable.

Although the SA is a cornerstone regarding the male infertility workup, many boundaries innate to the system exist, as facilitate the commencement about random mistakes into the check or hence reason full-size variability of the results. Observer subjectivity, insufficiencies of technician education and an absence on equal laboratory protocol standardization are just a little concerning the approaches within which the outcomes on SA may lie inaccurate and unreproducible. A vital additional predicament about laboratory-based SA is the saving concerning half men in accordance with make an office visit fit the social stigma then embarrassment concerning infertility-related issues. In mild about this, men tend according to be much less in all likelihood than female to seek the greatness on a clinical provider, whilst men to that amount do seek clinical interest are often better trained including greater paying occupations.

INVESTIGATION

The investigation concerning the ethnical pass consists of observations (e.g. colour, odour, viscosity or liquefaction) as well as like measurements and assessments (volume, concentration, motility, vigour and morphology) [4]. It is therefore sufficient to note to valor analysis that amount is regarded according to stand a thought up to expectation is wider than analysis, additionally consisting of observations and now not only measurements.

The examination regarding the pass is an essential cornerstone between the contrasts regarding the reproductive functions on the human male. The ejaculate is distinct beyond every other physique fluids viable after analyse in a modern medical laboratory, then dense delusions nonetheless exist concerning as the throw out is then what it perform inform touching the person then his fertility. Since the upward shove on Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART) including the introduction yet the improvement about In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) and Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI), the essential focus of studies on throw out analysis has been on its aptness in conformity with portend the chance because natural yet assisted conceptions, pregnancies and stay births on children. However, on account that much factors affecting a couple’s plenty are impartial beyond semen exam results, near remoted generation or female factors can't remain predicted according to solely be a most important determinant over a couple’s likelihood because a profitable pregnancy. Still, agreement simplistic trying out on isolated emit parameters is abandoned within favour over multifactorial throw evaluations, useful predictive records concerning naturalistic and assisted pregnancies be able lie achieved. Thus, although now not totally barring interest, it predominant center of attention of emit examination namely a being pregnant predictor has broad the attention beside the data that perform be won about the features on the soul reproductive organs. In the mild regarding a viable minimize in universal ethnic generation reproductive feature that is critical so much throw out test because the assessment concerning the characteristic over the man reproductive organs is of focus.

Another aspect so is quintessential to the understanding of valor test is that the “semen sample” only exists among the laboratory. Semen does no longer even appear into the body: the eject is timbered instantly all through the manner regarding ejaculation: spermatozoa are transported beyond the cauda epididymides according to the urethra where they are suspended in prostatic liquid concomitantly emptied out of the small prostatic tumour acini and expelled between the advance eject fractions. The characteristic vesicles vacate in the urethra then the greatness over spermatozoa has been ejaculated. In general, the seminal vesicular melted seems in conformity with be hostile after sperm function (motility), uplift and DNA protection. There is no proof up to expectation that characteristic vesicular softened is of anybody way beneficial for sperm feature within vivo then at that place is no evidence so publicity on spermatozoa after temperamental vesicular melted constantly occurs in vivo. In contrast, analysis regarding ejaculates between vitro is primarily based over series over all components concerning the ejaculate of one device; the place the entire emit is covered into the gel-like stuff originating beyond the metallic vesicles. This structure is after in consequence decomposed through enzymes regarding prostatic origin. The effect about that system–referred to as solution–is now not only as the throw turns into greater waterish in appearance, but the process additionally capability so much the osmolality on ejaculates expand into vitro.

Infertility be able government to sizeable imminence because a couple [5]. Approximately 15 percentages of couple’s hostilities with infertility, along 20 percentage of this related completely to a soul component or an extra 30 percentage including a soul issue contribution; no matter the occurrence on man infertility, men usage flood features incompletely as much repeatedly as women do. Assisted reproductive technology (ART) along intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) approves infertile couples to acquire pregnancy and in imitation of outturn stay births through manipulating sperm or egg into vitro and comeback the product into the female reproductive tract. The technique on ART requires twain sufferers–man and woman–because of its success. Urologists often labours carefully together with lady over freight specialists and/or endocrinologists after consider then deal with an infertile couple. From the person infertility perspective, there is a variety regarding cure selections used–inclusive of behavioural modifications, medications, and surgical techniques–structured over the patient’s records then clinical status, along the greater severe instances requiring sperm retrieval. Sperm retrieval is the system concerning acquiring sperm for uses among ART other than out of an ejaculated prowess sample; relying regarding the final cause on a man’s infertility, sperm do be retrieved with or except a surgical procedure.

DONOR

Artificial insemination using donor sperm has been practiced in view that the early 1900s, and non-ART applications on donor sperm normally contain intrauterine insemination [6]. Sperm giving might also stand ancient into the context on IVF. Current FDA and ASRM tips suggest up to expectation in someone suit over medicine sperm donation, the sperm be quarantined because 6 months earlier than life used, as much it decreases the danger concerning transmission regarding communicable ailments certain as much human immunodeficiency virus.

Currently, medicine donor sperm is appropriate that the male companion has severe abnormalities within spirit parameters as would avoid a pregnancy. IVF has allowed couples as in the past would have needed donor sperm for insemination in conformity with conceive with IVF along their own sperm, even though in that place are conditions within who sperm donation is still wanted in the association regarding IVF. In heterosexual couples the place the soul has azoospermia despite invasive sperm retrieval methods, sperm giving is indicated. In addition, sperm donation may also lie indicated if the person companion is a carrier about a genetic ailment that she does now not want in imitation of omit on, and postulate a disorder runs into his household for who a particular mutation has not been found. Single women then same sex female couples also gain beyond sperm donation, or that may additionally lie rendered into the connexion about IVF if at that place is every other purpose because of IVF (genetic trying out desired, tubal factor, etc.).

Per ASRM guidelines, unknown sperm donors need to lie among 18 and 40 years old. The donor may additionally stand recognized or anonymous. The ASRM recommends as whole donors lie examined for communicable diseases, though the FDA requires to that amount solely unknown donors remain tested. Similar to oocyte donors, an absolute clinical record is reviewed, along focal point over communicable diseases, genetic issues, and psychological elements so would ward off them from existence donors. A spirit evaluation is celebrated or a take a look at sample intention consider the post-freezing/thawing parameters. The sperm donor is once more screened because of communicable diseases 6 months below the pep sample is calcic in conformity with ascertain so the consequences on screening are negative.

DI

Donor insemination is offered in conformity with couples agreement the soul is incapable after redact sperm, and the numbers on sperm are hence mean to that amount that can't gain a pregnancy [7].

Over the last ten years, the improvement over ICSI, who allows a alone sperm after stay injected within an egg, has allowed deep men with at all mangy sperm counts to deviser teenagers by using IVF, or namely a result fewer couples are selecting donor insemination. However, some couples decide on donor insemination condition the woman has no fertility problems or that want according to keep away from IVF.

If the pep incorporates no sperm, it may want to be because over a fence within the tubes as raise sperm out on the testicles. If so, that may nonetheless lie possible according to gather sperm beyond the testicles including a younger surgical procedure then utilizes that for ICSI. Couples may additionally want in accordance with reck of upon the prosperity rate, availability, and then charge of abject these sperm extraction techniques including ICSI compared including donor insemination.

If a body is not producing any sperm beyond the testicles, the solely cure alternative for the equal is donor insemination.

Donor sperm may additionally stand aged if even is an altogether high hazard on bank about a momentous inherited disease. A feasible alternative remedy because of half couples is IVF with testing about embryos before those are put to into the womb.

Women whoever operates now not hold descent associates execute additionally be dealt with donor insemination. Increasing numbers of alone female then lesbian couples are in search of treatment.

Donor insemination (DI) is the oldest, close broadly used, then probable nearly fantastic alternative method concerning conception among utilizes today [8]. Yet it makes use of continues in conformity with stay fraught with anxieties, controversies, and a sound masquerade regarding secrecy. Those who think about donor insemination often functionate and at advance with sizeable opposition and with fears as regards the ramifications and the results. Donor insemination has twain altogether awesome types regarding users or these two organizations hold almost completely extraordinary wishes or priorities, distinct experiences and distinct dilemmas. Although just fertility programmes are geared exclusively then principally according to arrayed couples, and among half nations that are restricted by means of rule after married couples, donor insemination is increasingly more being chronic in deep parts of the world by using single women, both heterosexual and lesbian. Two important changes are pushing it trend: alternative treatments have become increasingly reachable so permit men along severe fertility impairments to contriver children, eliminating the need for a donor, then the notion on unaccompanied motherhood through insemination has turn out to be more broadly accepted. In addition, the opportunity concerning finding ones very own donor and holding abroad the insemination at domestic eliminates because much alone girls the utility about having according to be brought past the barriers to that amount live in conformity with their usage of scientific services. Thus, there is cause in conformity with agree with as singular women are accomplishment hastily of their illustration amongst insemination clients.

Donor insemination is also the easiest then least expensive form on alternative conception. Because over the discernible risks or the flourishing difficulties or greater fees associated with adoption, insemination has turn out to be increasingly famous among many couples into as the man is barren as nicely so amongst lesbians and alone heterosexual women. Occasionally, donor insemination is elect by couples among which the individual consists of a genetic tension as that function now not want according to pass alongside after the child, then where each participants elevate a recessive gene which can also end result of a toddler having a serious illness. It is additionally used among cases where the man companion had a vasectomy or has passed through chemotherapy. There bear been a few cases on widows the usage of the sperm on theirs deceased husbands; between certain lawsuit a female requested for sperm in conformity with lie withdrawn quickly below her husband's unexpected and violent death.

Donor insemination (DI) is not standard by way of the foremost religions [9]. Although such is diagnosed so such does now not constitute real sexual adultery, the infant is although conceived backyard the marriage. It also disrupts the household alliance and, fond donor anonymity, the baby would stand denied the appropriate in accordance with understand his and her organic creator and ignoble blood relatives. There is also the argument that, by way of the use of DI, the couple are now not accepting each other as much he are–‘for better then for worse’. It might also deteriorate their caress indenture then like is the main for psychological damage in conformity with the child and, salvo the child is no longer informed or she or that was conceived, of secrecy then lying. The closing couple are not answer groundwork because of a faith-based life. There is problem not just in regard to the injury according to relationships within the family as an end result concerning DI, but also in relation to detrimental communal repercussions.

Given the over discriminate of DI, it can readily stay understood that comparable views are past so within vitro fertilization (IVF) is back along either donated sperm then egg. However, where the gametes are about mate and wife, the views are more varied, and contend centres concerning the advent of ‘spare’ embryos and foetal reduction. For these anybody agree in accordance with the opportunity concerning that procedure, so is the consider as the embryo has a ethical popularity or need to stand protected, but so much such safety is now not absolute. They accept as true with that like may lie a greater moral claim in accordance with assist poor couples. Thus, excess embryos tooled among vitro desire stand allowed in conformity with die and, condition a couple of implantations effectively live on into pregnancy, afterward because of these whoever consider abortion is justified, between awesome circumstances, it is between system for selective discount in conformity with occur. Islam has a concern in regard to the ruin concerning the lives regarding embryos, every concerning which is viewed as much a special human being. Such a practice is considered so both black and unethical.

TREATMENT

The championship about couples, among 50% and 75%, going through infertility desire seek oversea quite a number cure selections in imitation of efficiently reap being pregnant [1]. The first route over treatments because of person infertility commonly consists of medications or corrective surgery, approximately 85–90% of infertility services. In the case on futile pregnancy, couples seek applications beside a reproductive endocrinologist.

Reproductive endocrinologists, subspecialists of obstetrics and gynecology (OB-GYN), specialize within the cure on infertility. Common techniques of remedy encompass in vitro fertilization (IVF), intrauterine insemination (IUI), and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). Unfortunately, these strategies are no longer guaranteed in conformity with give up in successful pregnancy then execute keep at all expensive. When redress are successful, that are frequently associated together with vile problems certain namely mean start weight and miscarriage.

FEMINISM

Feminism namely a motion in imitation of quit sexist exploitation or pressure has empowered many female in conformity with pick sexual preference, marry and continue to be single, come to be a parent, ensue lesson and a career and mix it selections [10].

The organization Single Mothers via Choice is an assist network because single women in conformity with have young people besides a kinship including a man. Three businesses conceive including donor sperm. A individual mother by way of choice usually is a vocation female between her thirties or forties whichever determined in imitation of hand over start or undertake a child, knowing he would stand her child’s alone parent at the outset. Her organic horologe instituted her back the truth up to expectation he ought to no longer pause for marriage earlier than beginning a family. She grew to become pregnant accidentally or beyond donor insemination or he adopted a child. She seeks men namely out-of-home conventional headquarters because of her child.

ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION

Before intending to artificial insemination, couples ought to undergo a completed evaluation [11]. This includes a thoroughgoing medical history, clinical trial or appropriate investigations because someone possible motives on a couple’s infertility, such as tubal damage, ovulatory sickness and a male factor. It is indispensable as couples ought to acquire sufficient counseling earlier to beginning treatment, specifically now donor sperm is in conformity with lie used. Couples need to also keep certain regarding perfect confidentiality, or informed as every sperm donors are nowadays comprehensively screened for genetic and infective conditions. Couples intention want in conformity with be aware of whether the donor is according to be matched in imitation of theirs personal characteristics, the charge regarding treatment, the likelihood concerning success, the brawny because issues according to show up and the probability about their occurrence. Medical experts and couples do at last perform utilizes concerning the web in accordance with locate a sperm donor so matches theirs favored physical, educational, spiritual or even countrywide then ethnical characteristics. In countries together with proper regulatory systems, such as the United Kingdom, couples the usage of donor sperm ought to be instituted conscious of some rules up to expectation may have an effect on to them than using donor sperm, specifically in regard to parentage, fixation concerning the delivery of youth and, within some countries, the elimination regarding the correct in imitation of anonymity on donors and therefore the right regarding a toddler in conformity with discover the identity of his and her genuine genetic father regarding accomplishing the age regarding 18. The mind-set concerning societies within general, certainly between the promoted countries, towards the trouble over single female then female into same-sex relationships base young people has modified dramatically between the past decenniad yet two. The claim for flood cure beside these female is increasing, and practitioners are currently more willing to provide donor IUI applications in accordance with them. However, in many countries, usually these between who the Roman Catholic then Islamic faiths predominate, donor insemination is forbidden.

SPERM BANK

Sperm banks were forward constituted including anonymous donors [12]. When samples had been delivered, only ethnic kinds and blood businesses have been done in account, into discipline after clown percentage (even postulate these days that form over pairing is definitely insufficient due to the fact of genetic stamp technologies).

A consistency after appeared in imitation of analyse the donors’ chromosomes systematically, so as carriers concerning coherent chromosomal abnormalities would remain eliminated, due to the fact over the greater hazard because their offspring concerning life bom including a handicap. However, the donors’ population is biased due to the fact because of psychological motives solely men whoever hold had adolescents are recruited. So this population is one of a kind from the arid descent population among so the chance over compatible chromosomal abnormality is lower, and the truth he hold fathered healthful young people minimises the gamble too more. It is currently additionally known that, in contrast to genetic diseases, almost chromosomal abnormalities (such namely trisomy 21) are no longer hereditary beside parental abnormalities. They occur by using accident, and then on pinnacle over that, they are more oft regarding maternal origin. Finally almost about these abnormalities are eradicated through regular abortions. Under it stipulations the well-connected evaluation on the chromosomes on sperm donors seems needless then wonky in imitation of limit the genetic risk. It ought to even stand viewed dangerous due to the fact it engenders a false affect concerning protection within these whoever advocate the least risk. This act regarding the genetic identification regarding the donors went even similarly with family genetic inquiries. These inquiries are the identical so those ancient between scientific genetics so a genetic sickness is identified within a family.

The technique because of investigation is the same: that usage genealogy (family plant study) in accordance with tale the probability so the donor is a weird provider concerning genes recognized to remain deleterious. As a result over that inquiry, three conditions can arise: 1) the donor is regarded after lie broad out of anybody genetic hazard (this is the uncommon situation), 2) the donor has a excessive gamble over assumption a dominant deleterious gene yet is therefore rejected (this is equally a rare situation), 3) the donor has a excessive likelihood on method incomplete recessive deleterious genes and polygenic damaging traits (and that is the most regular situation). The donor is after accepted, but his sperm samples intention not keep given after a girl within whose household the identical unfavourable elements have been identified. Indeed, within theory it genes are only dangerous so he are associated thru fertilisation together with mutations about the same disposition out of the partner. So regularly coverage of genetic pairing into donors or inseminated girls was once employ up. The desire may want to bear been committed according to honour the lamely persona concerning natural procreation. Genetic pairing has been preferred including the official excuse on preventing genetic handicaps.

However it flaw counteraction is simply impossible (since that objectives the parental phenotype). Even agreement the defect siege were efficacious, it good judgment goes past the sue concerning the infertile couple who is, of fact, not in conformity with bear a baby over higher ‘quality’ than is allowed by means of natural procreation.

The baby after remain bom is therefore invested including the bogus thought over least defect, and here we join of an mind-set so much promotes the rejection on the deviants out of the norm.

CONCLUSION

Each individual situation determines who is eligible as a donor in an individual case, that is, whose sperm can be used in the fertilization process. Theoretically, it can be own partner's sperm, someone else's sperm from a sperm bank or even a private donor's. Donating sperm can increase the chances of success, as it can be directly used for artificial insemination. Even if the problems with pregnancy lie with the woman, donating her own partner's sperm can sometimes help.

REFERENCES

1. Eddy BP, Trujillo-DeFronzo A, Turns BA. (2022). Infertility, Grief, and Trauma Related to Fathering. In: Molloy S, Azzam P, Isacco A. (eds). Handbook of the Psychology of Fatherhood. Springer Nature Switzerland AG, Cham, Switzerland. pp. 183-184.
2. Mohiyiddeen L, Cerra C. (2017). Biopsychosocial Aspects of Infertility. In Edozien LC, O'Brien PMS, (eds). Biopsychosocial Factors in Obstetrics and Gynaecology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. pp. 112-113.
3. Selvam MKP, Douglas C, Agarwal A. (2021). Standard Semen Analysis: Home Sperm Testing. In: Agarwal A, Henkel R, Majzoub A, (eds). Manual of Sperm Function Testing in Human Assisted Reproduction. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. pp. 23.
4. Björndahl L. (2021). Standard Semen Examination: Manual Semen Analysis. In: Agarwal A, Henkel R, Majzoub A. (eds). Manual of Sperm Function Testing in Human Assisted Reproduction. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. pp. 6.
5. Bryk DJ, Parekh NV, Vij SC. (2021). Evaluation of Candidates for Sperm Retrieval. In: Agarwal A, Majzoub A, Esteves SC, (eds). Manual of Sperm Retrieval and Preparation in Human Assisted Reproduction. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. pp. 9.
6. Mahany EB, Smith YR. (2017). Assisted Reproductive Technology: Clinical Aspects. In: Falcone T, Hurd WW. (eds). Clinical Reproductive Medicine and Surgery-A Practical Guide. Third Edition. Springer International Publishing AG, Cham, Switzerland. pp. 308-309.
7. Davies M, Webber L, Overton C. (2009). Infertility. Oxford University Press Inc., New York, USA. pp. 121-122.
8. Lasker JN. (1998). The users of donor insemination. In: Daniels K, Haimes E, (eds). Donor Insemination-International Social Science Perspectives. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. pp. 7-8.
9. Eichards J. (2003). Ethical issues–the major faiths: a personal view. In: Singer D, Hunter M. (eds). Assisted Human Reproduction-Psychological and Ethical Dilemmas. Whurr Publishers Ltd, London, UK. pp. 51.
10. Westman JC. (2009). Breaking the Adolescent Parent Cycle-Valuing Fatherhood and Motherhood. University Press of America,® Inc., Lanham, USA. pp. 44.
11. Brinsden PR, Dickey RP. (2010). An overview of intrauterine insemination and ovulation induction. In: Dickey RP, Brinsden PR, Pyrzak R, (eds). Manual of Intrauterine Insemination and Ovulation Induction. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. pp. 1-2.
12. Sèle B, Testart J. (2018). Eugenics comes back with medically assisted procreation. In: Hildth E, Graumann S. (eds). Genetics in Human Reproduction. Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, Abingdon, UK. pp. 170-171.